Materials and design pdf

This part of ISO does not cover the special requirements for steel structures in corrosive environments beyond normal atmospheric conditions and corrosion protection with regard to fatigue design. This part of ISO does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. For welded connections and for structures subject to fatigue, special considerations regarding the scope of this document are presented in 8.

In the case of flexible pavement, the design is based on overall performance of flexible pavement, and the stresses produced should be kept well below the allowable stresses of each pavement layer. Types of Flexible Pavements Conventional layered flexible pavement - are layered systems with high quality expensive materials are placed in the top where stresses are high, and low quality cheap materials are placed in lower layers.

Full - depth asphalt pavement - are constructed by placing bituminous layers directly on the soil subgrade. This is more suitable when there is high traffic and local materials are not available.

Modified dense graded asphalt concrete is placed above the sub-grade will significantly reduce the vertical compressive strain on soil sub- grade and protect from surface water. Typical layers of a flexible pavement Seal Coat - is a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the surface and to provide skid resistance. Tack Coat - is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water.

Prime Coat - is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed. Surface course - is the layer directly in contact with trac loads and generally contains superior quality materials. Binder course - this layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure.

Base course - is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface drainage.

Sub-Base course - is the layer of material beneath the base course and the primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub- grade in the pavement structure. Sub-grade - is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from the layers above.

Failure of flexible pavements Fatigue cracking - is due to horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the asphaltic concrete. The failure criterion relates allowable number of load repetitions to tensile strain and this relation can be determined in the laboratory fatigue test on asphaltic concrete specimens.

Rutting - occurs only on flexible pavements as indicated by permanent deformation or rut depth along wheel load path. Two design methods have been used to control rutting: one to limit the vertical compressive strain on the top of subgrade and other to limit rutting to a tolerable amount 12 mm normally.

Thermal cracking - includes both low-temperature cracking and thermal fatigue cracking. Rigid Pavements Rigid pavements have sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a wider area below.

A typical cross section of the rigid pavement is shown in Figure Compared to flexible pavement, rigid pavements are placed either directly on the prepared sub-grade or on a single layer of granular or stabilized material.

In rigid pavement, load is distributed by the slab action, and the pavement behaves like an elastic plate resting on a viscous medium Figure Types of Rigid Pavements Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement - are plain cement concrete pavements constructed with closely spaced contraction joints. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement - Although reinforcements do not improve the structural capacity significantly, they can drastically increase the joint spacing to 10 to 30m. Reinforcements help to keep the slab together even after cracks.

Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement - Complete elimination of joints are achieved by reinforcement. Failure criteria of rigid pavements Fatigue cracking has been considered as the major, or only criterion for rigid pavement design. Materials for Inspirational Design provides today's designer with a myriad of material possibilities.

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